The following article circulated
the web a short time ago. It was written by Robert Jensen,
a white professor in journalism studies in Texas. Worth the
read, I thought it was a sensitive and seldom-heard examination
of race.
White Privilege:
Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack
I was taught to see racism only in
individual acts of meanness, not in invisible systems conferring
dominance on my group. - Peggy McIntosh
I think whites are carefully taught
not to recognize white privilege, as males are taught not
to recognize male privilege. So I have begun in an untutored
way to ask what it is like to have white privilege. I have
come to see white privilege as an invisible package of unearned
assets that I can count on cashing in each day, but about
which I was "meant" to remain oblivious. White privilege
is like an invisible weightless knapsack of special provisions,
maps, passports, codebooks, visas, clothes, tools , and blank
checks.
Describing white privilege makes one newly accountable. As
we in Women's Studies work to reveal male privilege and ask
men to give up some of their power, so one who writes about
having white privilege must ask, "Having described it,
what will I do to lessen or end it?"
After I realized the extent to which
men work from a base of unacknowledged privilege, I understood
that much of their oppressiveness was unconscious. Then I
remembered the frequent charges from women of color that white
women whom they encounter are oppressive. I began to understand
why we are justly seen as oppressive, even when we don't see
ourselves that way. I began to count the ways in which I enjoy
unearned skin privilege and have been conditioned into oblivion
about its existence.
My schooling gave me no training in seeing myself as an oppressor,
as an unfairly advantaged person, or as a participant in a
damaged culture. I was taught to see myself as an individual
whose moral state depended on her individual moral will. My
schooling followed the pattern my colleague Elizabeth Minnich
has pointed out: whites are taught to think of their lives
as morally neutral, normative, and average, and also ideal,
so that when we work to benefit others, this is seen as work
which will allow "them" to be more like "us".
I decided to try to work on myself at least by identifying
some of the daily effects of white privilege in my life. I
have chosen those conditions which I think in my case attach
somewhat more to skin color privilege than to class, religion,
ethnic status, or geographical location, though of course
all these other factors are intricately intertwined. As far
as I can see, my African American coworkers, friends and acquaintances
with whom I come into daily or frequent contact in this particular
time, place, and line of work cannot count on most of these
conditions.
I usually think of privilege as being
a favored state, whether earned or conferred by birth or luck.
Yet some of the conditions I have described here work to systematically
overempower certain groups. Such privilege simply confers
dominance because of one's race or sex.
1. I can if I wish arrange to be in
the company of people of my race most of the time.
2. If I should need to move, I can be pretty sure renting
or purchasing housing in an area which I can afford and in
which I would want to live.
3. I can be pretty sure that my neighbors in such a location
will be neutral or pleasant to me.
4. I can go shopping alone most of the time, pretty well assured
that I will not be followed or harassed.
5. I can turn on the television or open to the front page
of the paper and see people of my race widely represented.
6. When I am told about our national heritage or about "civilization,"
I am shown that people of my color made it what it is.
7. I can be sure that my children will be given curricular
materials that testify to the existence of their race.
8. If I want to, I can be pretty sure of finding a publisher
for this piece on white privilege.
9. I can go into a music shop and count on finding the music
of my race represented, into a supermarket and find the staple
foods which fit with my cultural traditions, into a hairdresser's
shop and find someone who can cut my hair.
10. Whether I use checks, credit cards, or cash, I can count
on my skin color not to work against the appearance of financial
reliability.
11. I can arrange to protect my children most of the time
from people who might not like them.
12. I can swear, or dress in second hand clothes, or not answer
letters, without having people attribute these choices to
the bad morals, the poverty, or the illiteracy of my race.
13. I can speak in public to a powerful male group without
putting my race on trial.
14. I can do well in a challenging situation without being
called a credit to my race.
15. I am never asked to speak for all the people of my racial
group.
16. I can remain oblivious of the language and customs of
persons of color who constitute the world's majority without
feeling in my culture any penalty for such oblivion.
17. I can criticize our government and talk about how much
I fear its policies and behavior without being seen as a cultural
outsider.
18. I can be pretty sure that if I ask to talk to "the
person in charge," I will be facing a person of my race.
19. If a traffic cop pulls me over or if the IRS audits my
tax return, I can be sure I haven't been singled out because
of my race.
20. I can easily buy posters, postcards, picture books, greeting
cards, dolls, toys, and children's magazines featuring people
of my race.
21. I can go home from most meetings of organizations I belong
to feeling somewhat tied in, rather than isolated, out-of-place,
out numbered, unheard, held at a distance, or feared.
22. I can take a job with an affirmative action employer without
having coworkers on the job suspect that I got it because
of race.
23. I can choose public accommodation without fearing that
people of my race cannot get in or will be mistreated in the
places I have chosen.
24. I can be sure that if I need legal or medical help, my
race will not work against me.
25. If my day, week, or year is going badly, I need not ask
of each negative episode or situation whether it has racial
overtones.
26. I can choose blemish cover or bandages in flesh color
and have them more or less match my skin.
I repeatedly forgot each of the realizations
on this list until I wrote it down. For me white privilege
has turned out to be an elusive and fugitive subject. The
pressure to avoid it is great, for in facing it I must give
up the myth of meritocracy. If these things are true, this
is not such a free country; one's life is not what one makes
it; many doors open for certain people through no virtues
of their own.
In unpacking this invisible knapsack of white privilege, I
have listed conditions of daily experience which I once took
for granted. Nor did I think of any of these prequisites as
bad for the holder. I now think that we need a more finely
differentiated taxonomy of privilege, for some of these varieties
are only what one would want for everyone in a just society,
and others give license to be ignorant.
I see a pattern running through the matrix of white privilege,
a pattern of assumptions which were passed on to me as a white
person. There was one main piece of cultural turf; it was
my own turf, and I was among those who could control the turf.
My skin color was an asset for any move I was educated to
want to make. I could think of myself as belonging in major
ways, and of making social systems work for me. I could freely
disparage, fear, neglect, or be oblivious to anything outside
of the dominant cultural forms. Being of the main culture,
I could also criticize it fairly freely.
In proportion as my racial group was
being made confident, comfortable, and oblivious, other groups
were likely being made unconfident, uncomfortable, and alienated.
Whiteness protected me from many kinds of hostility, distress,
and violence, which I was being subtly trained to visit in
turn upon people of color. For this reason, the word "privilege"
now seems to me misleading. We want, then, to distinguish
between earned strength and unearned power conferred systematically.
Power from unearned privilege can look like strength when
it is in fact permission to escape or to dominate. But not
all of the privileges on my list are inevitably damaging.
Some, like the expectation that neighbors will be decent to
you, or that your race will not count against you in court,
should be the norm in a just society. Others, like the privilege
to ignore less powerful people, distort the humanity of the
holders as well as the ignored groups.
I Robert Jensen, a 'white' professor
in journalism studies in Texas of all places!!!, wrote these:
WHITE PRIVILEGE SHAPES THE U.S. http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/%7Erjensen/freelance/whiteprivilege.htm
MORE THOUGHTS ON WHY SYSTEM OF WHITE
PRIVILEGE IS WRONG http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/%7Erjensen/freelance/whitefolo.htm
FLEEING WHITENESS: A MEMOIR ABOUT ACHIEVING
HUMANITY
http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/%7Erjensen/freelance/rothenbergreview.htm
THE MORALLY LAZY WHITE MIDDLE CLASS
http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/%7Erjensen/freelance/diggs-brownreaction.htm
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Here's also a thread up on a whole
lot of white privileges and what it means to be white 'downunder'
http://www.aotearoa.maori.nz/viewtopic.php?t=83
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